A Brief History of Land Ownership in Nigeria

Do you want to own Your Land for 99 Years or Just 9 years? Know the Difference Between C of O and R of O TODAY!!!

Are you considering investing in real estate in Nigeria? If so, understanding the Ins and Outs Of land ownership is important. As a prospective buyer, you've likely come across terms like Certificate of Occupancy (C of O) and Right of Occupancy (R of O). But what do these documents really mean? In this writeup, I'll break down the differences between C of O and R of O, helping you make the right choice in the Nigerian real estate market.

A Brief History of Land Ownership in Nigeria

To appreciate the current state of land ownership, let's take a step back. Traditionally, land was communally owned, with families or communities holding control. However, the Land Use Act of 1978 revolutionized land tenure, vesting ownership in the state governor.

In November 2023, the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Minister announced new requirements for obtaining a C of O in Abuja. Applicants must now provide their National Identification Number (NIN) and Bank Verification Number (BVN) to address discrepancies and prevent the cloning of C of Os.

What's R of O?

An R of O ( Right of Occupancy) is a legal right granted by the local government authority, allowing you to use and occupy land, primarily in rural areas, in accordance with customary laws. Key Features of an R of O
- Scope of Use: Typically granted for agricultural or residential purposes, aligning with the customary use of the land.
Stay tuned for explanation of Land purposes and land zoning laws in Nigeria in my next blog.

- Authority: Issued by local government authorities, reflecting the decentralized management of rural lands.

- Tenure Security: While it permits lawful occupation, the rights under an R of O are considered less robust than those conferred by a C of O.

What is a C of O?

A C of O( Certificate of occupancy) is an official document issued by the state government, granting you the right to occupy and use a specific parcel of land for 99 years. Think of it as a conclusive proof of ownership. Key Features of a C of O.

- Legal Recognition: A C of O is recognized as conclusive evidence of land ownership, providing you with legal standing in any disputes.

- Duration: The certificate grants rights to the land for 99 years, after which it can be renewed or renegotiated with the government. - Transferability: Ownership rights conferred by a C of O can be transferred to another party, subject to obtaining the Governor's Consent.